![]() Many theorists also include introspection as a source of knowledge, not of external physical objects, but of one's own mental states. The most important source of empirical knowledge is perception, which refers to the usage of the senses. Knowledge can be produced in many different ways. Others contend that justification is needed but formulate additional requirements, for example, that no defeaters of the belief are present or that the person would not have the belief if it was false. Some of them deny that justification is necessary and replace it, for example, with reliability or the manifestation of cognitive virtues. These controversies intensified due to a series of thought experiments by Edmund Gettier and have provoked various alternative definitions. While there is wide agreement among philosophers that propositional knowledge is a form of true belief, many controversies in philosophy focus on justification: whether it is needed at all, how to understand it, and whether something else besides it is needed. ![]() Knowledge of facts, also called propositional knowledge, is often defined as true belief that is distinct from opinion or guesswork by virtue of justification. Knowledge is often understood as awareness of facts or as practical skills, and may also mean familiarity with objects or situations. ![]()
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